As somebody who has participated in not just unpaid internships, but internships where I actually paid my school tuitition in order to receive credit, Sunday's New York Times "Room For Debate" piece about Unpaid Internships struck a cord.
I have mixed feelings on the issue of unpaid internships. On the one hand I recognize the value of unpaid internships - particularly those that are with government or non-profit organizations who can not only provide valuable training for interns but who can utilize interns in serving the public interest because resources are scarce (To me, for-profit companies should be prohibited from offering unpaid internships - there is no excuse for them benefiting for free from the work of unpaid interns). My internships were incredible experiences and I am tremendously grateful for having had the opportunity. Strictly speaking they met all the US Department of Labor requirements for an unpaid internship to be legal. Both internships were overseas and I participated in substantive work that lead to real legal training as opposed to menial tasks like making coffee and photocopies.
I recognize that not everyone will be as fortunate as I was and that being able to take advantage of internship opportunities requires having sufficient financial support (or in my case, ability to take out student loans). It is incredibly disheartening that an unpaid internship seems de rigueur for obtaining any sort of employment because it means many who do not have the financial means will miss out and it increases student debt and it places young twenty-somethings further behind in their quest for financial independence and stability.
Many of the contributors to the NYT debate point out the necessity of having the Department of Labor be a better agency of enforcement against illegal internships and I agree that this is necessary. But I think the contributors missed an additional solution to the problem. Remove a year from traditional classroom education and replace it with an apprenticeship program but don't require students to pay full tuition to their schools in order to do so. It would be even better if the apprenticeship programs paid some nominal amount (much like the residency programs for those seeking medical degrees - they don't receive a full salary but they are no longer paying for their education and they can at least live modestly off their salaries). This would provide more new grads (whether undergraduate or graduate) with practical experience but would not add to their already substantial student debt. It would be especially beneficial in leveling the playing field between those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds because nobody would be prohibited from gaining experience on account of their inability to afford to work for free.
Both of my internships, while incredibly beneficial, imposed a substantial financial burden and not just because I was not paid. In addition to receiving no remuneration, I paid my school approximately $20,000 in tuition for one semester and one summer of credit. In reality I received no value from the school other than the fact that grades were entered into my transcript and I had to write a paper with supervision by a professor. At most I should have paid an "administration fee" or for the credits related to the paper alone but I should not have been required to pay tuition for the credits which stemmed directly from the internships. If law schools (and not just law schools, but any secondary or post-secondary education program) reduced the amount of schooling required and replaced it with a requirement for a year-long apprenticeship entry-level professionals would be better equipped for practice and less burdened by debt.
Monday, February 6, 2012
Wednesday, January 25, 2012
H&M v. the Design on the Sign: The Limits of Copyright Protection
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| Photo from Regretsy.com's post. |
You can read the Regretsy post for all the facts (according to the sign's creator) but essentially it boils down to this:
- Individual painted the sign on the left in 2008. The sign is located in a neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
- H&M in the UK (H&M is a Swedish company with worldwide subsidiaries) began selling doormats,and pillowcases with the design that is pictured at the right. It is not entirely clear when the sales began, but it seems like it was sometime in 2011.
- Friends of the sign's creator and the creator herself contacted H&M because they feel it is an infringement of her copyright.
Copyright is designed to protect "original works of authorship" that are fixed in a tangible medium. Examples of works that can be protected by copyright include all the usual suspects: literary works, music, drama, film, architecture, and works of art. But words, short phrases, familiar symbols or designs, mere variations of font, coloring, etc. are not accorded protection by U.S. Copyright. The sign, unfortunately for the creator but fortunately for H&M involves a short phrase ("You look nice today") and a familiar symbol ("heart) and the only real "artistic expression" that she put into it is the choice of font and coloring. Although it's not necessarily an iron-clad case against her, since the sign involves material that is not generally eligible for copyright protection it is highly unlikely that it would be considered a copyrightable work even in the United States.
Assuming, for the sake of argument, that the work is copyrightable in the U.S., H&M could still be found innocent if it independently created the design. Although the two designs are highly similar, given that the sign is only located in Atlanta, Georgia, and the H&M designers were probably located in Europe there is at least some plausibility that they never saw the sign. It would be an interesting court battle trying to prove that the designers had seen the sign and either intentionally or unintentionally copied it.
On another note, even if the United States recognized the sign as copyrightable it does not mean it would enjoy the same or similar protection in other countries. While there are Conventions and Treaties that make obtaining intellectual property protection in other countries easier if you already own intellectual property in one country, there is no automatic international protection. In this case the alleged infringing activity took place in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is a party to (among others) the Berne Convention and the TRIPS agreement as well as a bilateral treaty with the United States so it is likely it would recognize items with a US copyright as being protected, however, to understand the scope of that protection (and what would be an infringement) one would need to look at the UK's copyright laws. Furthemore, the UK could refuse to recognize the copyright of a particular item if it did not comply with their laws (ie. if it was an item that they did not recognize as being copyrightable).
There are other defenses that H&M could raise if it ends up in litigation (such as fair use) but in the interest of keeping this blog posting short, sweet, and interesting to those who are not lawyers or law students, I'm going to end my analysis there. I'm not saying that H&M (if its designers actually copied the design) acted morally, but they were likely acting within the confines of the law.
The moral of the story is that if you are going to make a work public and you want to prevent others from using it then it is advisable to understand how intellectual property is protected or to seek out the advice of an attorney before you publish it.
The US Copyright website is a wealth of information on copyright protection for non-lawyers. If you want to learn more the following links (to US Copyright Office publications) are a good resource:
Copyright Basics
International Copyright Basics
Information on Copyright Protection in Other Countries
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